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Zeeman
Effect, Paschen-Back effect & Stark effect
The electron configuration
in a multi electron atom is determined by three factors.
a) Attraction from the nucleus b) repulsion between
electrons and c) buoyant force exerted by space matter
(see structure
of atom). When an atom is situated in a strong-
electric field or magnetic field, its electron
configuration is shifted from its normal state i.e.
because of the influence of the external field, some
electrons in the atom (mostly outer electrons) are
shifted from their original shells. When such an atom is
excited, the atom can emit different spectrum of
radiations compared to its original spectrum lines. This
effect is a direct indication for the strength of the
field i.e. when a weak field affects outer electrons
only, a strong field can influence both the inner and
outer electrons alike. Lighter elements can demonstrate
the effect in a weaker field comparatively than heavy
elements because the binding force on the electrons in a
lighter element is much less than that of heavy
elements.
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