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Electrons in a Non-Excited Atom Are Motionless
<<< First page <<< Previous page Chapter 5 Space matter
Space
matter is filled everywhere in the universe. All matter in the universe (in
the ordinary world) is made of space matter. Since the gravitational force
is exerted on space matter, a denser region of space matter surrounds all
massive bodies. We see that, bending of light when it passes through near
massive objects like stars,
lensing effects in some regions in the galaxies are because of the
refraction of light by the denser space matter that present in these regions
and are purely the demonstrations for the presence of space matter in the
macro world. Increasing of mass of a fast moving body, change in shape of a
body resulting from its motion; the effect, known as the
Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction etc are also the
evidence for space matter in space. Also, electric field lines and magnetic
field lines are created by the alignment of space matter units. Most form of
energies are released because of the explosion, expansion or releasing of
space matter. For example, the releasing of energy in a nuclear reaction is
due to the rapid-huge increasing of volume of ordinary matter to space
matter. The missing mass (mass defect) in nuclear and chemical reactions is
converted into space matter. Since the ordinary matter is an extremely
compressed state of space matter, when it released, it will explode
violently and release energy. Space matter wind (ether wind) The Earth orbits the Sun in about 30 km/s. The Sun orbits the Galactic center in about 250 km/s. The Milky Way’s orbital or linear motion --km/s. If we consider the direction of motion of a particular celestial object against a frame of reference, because of the orbital motions of smaller systems to larger systems, is constantly changing in time- to time. For example, as the Earth orbits the Sun, the Sun orbits the Galactic center and the Milky Way itself is moving at a great velocity (also, most of the celestial objects make spin in its own axis). We see that, a body holds a space matter envelop around that body (recall starlight bending and lensing effect). Because of these reasons, the detection of ‘space matter wind’ when a body moves through the space is difficult to verify. Properties of space matter 1) A free space matter unit itself has no any electric or magnetic property; but when an electric pole of a charged particle attracts space matter units, the space matter units will line up and an electric field line is created. Also, a particle's magnetic pole causes the creation of a magnetic field line.
2)
Space matter unit is compressible from its natural volume (natural volume
means- the volume of a single space matter unit at its
3) Space matter unit is de-compressible from its natural volume: Repulsion between like poles (electric or magnetic) is caused by the de-compressible property of space matter units. I.e. when like poles come face to face, the opposing space matter units is get expanded. This expansion of space matter units is the reason for the repulsion. *Attraction between opposite poles is caused by the contraction of space matter units between the poles. *Repulsion between same poles is caused by the expansion of space matter units between the poles. Also, the other attractive forces like gravity, strong force etc are caused by the contraction of ‘tiny’ space matter units between two bodies and nuclear particles respectively. A method for detecting space matter We see that, the mass defect in a nuclear or chemical reaction is converted into space matter. Here is a mechanism for detecting space matter that released in an exothermic chemical reaction.
Diagram description 1) Combustion container: The combustion container is made of high melting point material with low thickness and transparent to space matter. 2) Thick wall: The thick wall is made of high-density material, which prevents the space matter penetrate through it. 3) Space matter collector: The space matter collector is a vacuum space and it sandwiched between the combustion container and the thick wall. 4) Space matter channel: The space matter channel allows escaping the space matter that collected in the space matter collector to the refraction box. 5) Light source: A light source is placed in the refraction box (see. fig). 6) Refraction box: The inside space of refraction box is vacuum and the box is made of low density material and transparent to space matter. 7) Exhaust pipe: The exhaust pipe allows escaping the exhaust that developed in the combustion container.
Working Since the combustion container is transparent to space matter, when the combustion is takes place in the container, the space matter that released in the reaction will be entered to the space matter collector. As the thick wall is made of high density material and less transparent to the space matter, the released space matter escapes to the refraction box from the space matter collector through the space matter channel. When the space matter is flows to the refraction box and the light is passed through the space matter, the light beam is refracted and a shadow image is obtained.
Chapter 6 What is light? Introduction:
Electric field: a) A charged particle (negative/positive) can create an
electric field around that particle. b) An oscillating magnetic field can
create an oscillating electric field within a conductor (When a conductor
breaks a magnetic field, the magnetic field lines exert force on the free
electrons in the conductor and push or pull them through conductor. This
causes a potential difference is created between the ends of the conductor).
Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave theory of light originated mostly from three phenomenons.
1)
When a
conductor brakes a magnetic field, an electric field is created within the
conductor, 2) Flowing of electrons through a conductor creates a magnetic
field around that conductor, 3) Faraday effect- a magneto-optical phenomenon
(the rotation of the plane of polarization by the application of a magnetic
field).
Maxwell
has mistakenly concluded that, if an oscillating magnetic field creates an
oscillating electric field within a conductor, an oscillating magnetic field
should also create oscillating electric field in empty space. He has also
believed that, oscillating electric field in space creates oscillating
magnetic field. This misconception was the historical background for the
development of his theory of light. The theory says that, light is an
electromagnetic phenomenon and the perpendicularly oscillating electric and
magnetic fields in space make the propagation of light. We can see that, an oscillating magnetic field can create an oscillating electric field only in a conductor and not in empty space. When a conductor breaks a magnetic field in one direction, the magnetic field lines exert force on the free electrons (mobile electrons) and push or pull them through the conductor and cause an accumulation of electrons in one direction. If the magnetic field oscillates, the accumulation of electrons changes its direction with the oscillation of the magnetic field. This accumulation of electrons creates an electrical potential difference between the ends of the conductor. On the other hand, magnetic field is created when charged particles are aligned in a single way in a material. Electric field Electric field will be created in the below stated circumstances. a) A charged particle (negative/positive) creates an electric field around that particle. b) An oscillating magnetic field creates an oscillating electric field within a conductor. *Electric field lines hold nucleus and electrons in an atom are together; atoms in a molecule are together. *An unbalanced and opposite charges within a conductor or between two conductors cause the flow of charges through that conductor (s). Because of the mutual repulsions between electric field lines, the electric field lines created by a charged body will be always are bended. Magnetic field A charged particle (positive/negative) has magnetic property and act as a small magnet. When charged particles are aligned in a single mode in a material, a magnetic field is created around that material. For example, when electrons are flowing through a conductor, the electric fields of electrons will be aligned to the direction of the current and the magnetic fields of the electrons will be aligned perpendicular the direction of the current. This alignment of flowing electrons creates a magnetic field around that conductor (flowing electrons cause to align them, otherwise there is no any direct connections between motion of electrons and magnetic field). In a permanent magnet, outer electrons of the atoms of domains are aligned in a single way and all domains are also aligned in a single way. This alignment creates a magnetic field around a permanent magnet. In the case of an iron core inside of a solenoid, the influence of the magnetic field that created by the flowing electrons in the conductor, the outer electrons of the atoms of the iron core will be aligned in a single way and causes to create a magnetic field around the core. Magnetic line propagation: - How the magnetic line is propagated? "Electric and magnetic lines are propagated by the propagation of compressing of space matter units" One of the major properties of space matter unit is that, it is compressible and de- compressible from its natural volume (see space matter section). When they are line-up in a field line (electric or magnetic), the particle's individual volume is decreased from its natural volume and gets compressed. Because of the magnetic induction, the line- upping of space matter units is propagated through the space. When an electron attracts a space matter unit, it will be compressed and the magnetism is transferred to the adjacent space matter unit, and that space matter unit will be also get compressed and this process will be continued and the line is propagated through space with the velocity of light. Because of the mutual repulsions between magnetic lines, the magnetic field lines created by a magnet will be also are bended. Light propagation: - How is the light propagated? We see that, charged particles make magnetic lines by the line-up of space matter units. When a charged particle like electron oscillates, the ‘line’ that formed on the ‘North Pole’ of the electron will oscillate with the electron and the oscillating magnetic line (OML) is propagated through space with the velocity of light. The OML is always radiated perpendicular to the oscillation of a charged particle. That is, there is a 900 angle between oscillation charged particles and emissions OMLs. Why do radio waves bend and light rays are not? We can see that, as the wavelength of a radiation increases, they bend significantly. For example radio wave frequencies. And conversely, as the wavelength decreases up to the visible light, they travel straightly. As the length of OMLs increases, the chances of mutual repulsion between them are also increase. And conversely, short wavelength OMLs create minimum mutual repulsion between them. Evidences for the OML theory of light a) Since the photon nature of light, it is very difficult to influence a light photon by a magnetic field. But a long wavelength radio wave can be disturbed with the help of a strong magnetic field. b) A polarization filter permits to pass only the OMLs that vibrate in phase with the filter gaps is a demonstration for the OML nature of light. c) In a photoelectric effect, the direction, which a photoelectron jumps, is related with the polarization of the incident photon.
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