New
Physics- the real facts are too simple and beautiful
By
Joseph
George
Copyright © by Author www.physics-edu.org All Rights Reserved
Introduction
My investigations indicate that, many of the
present day belief in the field of theoretical physics are required to
re-evaluate. Some of they are (a) The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by a
series of stationary waves by electrons. (b) Oscillating electric field creates
magnetic field and oscillating magnetic field creates electric field, and the perpendicularly
oscillating electric and magnetic field make the propagation of light. (d) Light
and particles both have wave particle dual nature etc.
In this article we see that,
(1) In a lowest energy level, electrons in an atom have
no any motions.
(2) Space inside of atom is not empty, but filled with
space matter.
(3) Light is emitted when charged particles oscillate,
and there is a 90* angle between oscillation and light emission.
(4) Wave nature of particle is not the property belong
them, but it depends on the energy background that the particle exists.
(5) Magnetic field is created when charged particles are
aligned in a single mode in a material. Also, for creating a magnetic field,
motion of charged particles is not necessary. For example, the magnetic field created
by a permanent magnet or an iron core inside of a solenoid is not because of
the motion of electrons, but strictly caused by the alignment of electrons in
these materials.
(6) Oscillation of magnetic field can create
electric field
only in a conductor and not in empty space
(7) Light is the modulation of waves on magnetic lines.
That is, light is oscillating magnetic lines.
Contents:
Space matter Properties of space matter Structure of an atom Electrons in an atom Nature of particles Electric field Magnetic field Radio wave- microwave Light emission by atom Chemical energy
Space matter (ether magnetic particles or 'emp'), the lightest form of matter
Space matter is filled everywhere in the universe. All matter in the universe (in the ordinary world) is made of space matter. Since the gravitational force is exerted on space matter, a denser space matter surrounds all massive bodies. Bending of light when it passes through near massive objects like stars, lensing effects in some regions in the galaxies are because of the refraction of light by the denser space matter that present in these regions and are purely the demonstrations for the presence of space matter in the macro world. Increasing of mass of a fast moving body, change in shape of a body resulting from its motion; the effect, known as the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction etc are also the evidence for space matter in space. Also, electric field lines and magnetic field lines are created by the alignment of space matter units as a chain.
All form of energies (except gravitational potential energy) are released because of the explosion, expansion or releasing of space matter. For example, the releasing of energy in a nuclear reaction is due to the rapid-huge increasing of volume of ordinary matter to space matter. The missing mass (mass defect) in a nuclear or chemical reaction is converted into space matter. Since the ordinary matter is an extremely compressed state of space matter, when it released, they will explode violently and release energy.
Space matter wind (ether wind)
The Earth orbits the Sun in about 30 km/s. The Sun orbits the Galactic center in about 250 km/s. The Milky Way’s orbital or linear motion --km/s. Also, if we consider the direction of motion of a particular celestial object against a frame of reference, because of the orbital motions of smaller systems to larger systems, is constantly changing in time-to-time. For example, as the Earth orbits the Sun, the Sun orbits the Galactic center and the Milky Way itself is moving at a great velocity. We see above that, a body holds a space matter envelop around that body (recall starlight bending and lensing effect). Because of these reasons, the detection of ‘space matter wind’ when a body moves through the space is difficult to verify.
Properties of space matter units
"The attraction and repulsion in the electric and magnetic field are caused by the contraction and expansion of space matter units respectively".
1) A free space matter unit has no any magnetic property, but when a space matter unit is attracted by a charged particle, it will become a magnetic particle with the same magnetic field strength of the charged particle. This property of space matter units is the reason behind the creation of electric field lines and magnetic field lines.
2) Space matter unit is compressible from its natural volume (the volume of a single space matter unit at its free state). For example, a). We see above that, ordinary matter is a highly compressed state of space matter. b). When the space matter units are aligned in an electric or magnetic field line, they will be compressed.
3) Space matter unit is de-compressible from its natural volume:
Repulsion between like poles (electric or magnetic) is caused by the de-compressible property of space matter units. I.e. when like poles come face to face, the opposing space matter units will be expanded. This expansion of space matter units is the reason for the repulsion.
* Attraction between opposite poles is caused by the contraction of space matter units between the poles.
* Repulsion between same poles is caused by the expansion of space matter units between the poles.
Also, the other attractive forces like gravity, strong forces etc are caused by the contraction of ‘tiny’ space matter units between two bodies and nuclear particles respectively.
"Space
inside of atom is filled with space matter and most of the all phenomenons in
the atomic world are because of the presence of space matter in
atoms".
Nearly all the mass of an atom is
concentrated in its nucleus only. The lightest form of matter - the space
matter, covers the high-density nucleus. In the four fundamental forces of the
nature, the strong force has the main contribution for the development of
shells, which made of space matter that surrounds the nucleus. Space matter is
filled everywhere in the universe. Since every particle is sinked (dipped) in
the space matter, the distance from the nuclear particles in an atom to its
surrounding space matter units (individual units of space matter) are
sufficiently close for transmitting the strong force (it is noted that, the
strong force has only a range of 10-15m). The strong force is
transmitted through the space matter in a very inefficient way. That is, after
passing of a critical amount of space matter in outward direction from the
nucleus, it will become to zero. This zero point determines the radius of an
atom. The quantity of space matter that surrounds a nucleus is determined by its
mass. That is, a heavy nucleus can hold a greater amount of space matter than a
low mass nucleus and so the quantity of space matter in a heavy atom is greater
than a low mass atom (more
details).
Electron configuration in an atom
There are three factors that determine the electron configuration in an atom
a) Attractive force from the nucleus.
The radius of an atom is greater than the radius of its outermost electron shell. That is, the 'outermost' transitory shell covers the outermost ‘electron shell’.
The
quantity of space matter that surrounds a nucleus is determined by its mass.
Since there are no any appreciable volume differences between atoms of
different elements, the average space matter density in an atom will increase
with the increasing of mass of its nucleus. The density of space matter that closer
to a nucleus is greater and it lowers with the increasing of distance from the
nucleus.
Since
the incredibly constant density and elasticity of space matter at every fixed
distance from the center of the nucleus of an atom (that is, each of the space
matter regions with a precise radius from the center of the nucleus), each of
that region of space matter acts as resonant columns with unique natural
frequencies. As the density of space matter decreases with the increasing of
the distance from the nucleus, each of the different space matter density regions
can be consider as shells. In other words, an atom consists of an enormous
number of space matter shells with each of they are having their own unique
natural frequencies. The space matter density and natural frequency of the
innermost shell of an atom is greater than all other outer shells and it lowers with the
increasing of distance from the nucleus.
Finding
the density of an electron shell
Since
the space matter density determines the natural frequency of a shell, from the
frequency of an
emitted photon, we can determine the density of an electron shell or a
transitory shell.
State
of electrons in an atom
In a lowest energy level, electrons in an atom have no any motions. An emission by an atom is the direct indication of which of the electron shell / transitory shell is excited and oscillates. That is, if an atom emits only microwave frequencies, then we can understand that only the outermost electron shell of that atom is excited. Experiments show that, atoms radiate microwave frequencies in cryogenic conditions. From this we can conclude that, a cryogenic temperature is sufficient for the excitation of the outermost electron (s) of an atom. As the temperature increases, more and more inner electrons will be excited and emit their corresponding radiations.
Normally,
all atoms in the nature are situated in one or more energy backgrounds. For
example, the radiation background of radio waves to gamma rays, particle
radiation by radio active nuclei, varying
electric or magnetic field etc. Because of this, electrons in atoms are normally in a vibratory mode. In
room temperature,
electrons in the outer shells of atoms are in oscillatory mode; but the
electrons in the inner shells are almost stationary.
Mode
of vibrations of electrons in an atom
There are two types of oscillations for atomic electrons:
a) Reflective oscillations (oscillation horizontal to
the nucleus).
When a photon falls on an atomic electron, the electron will oscillate and the light will be reflected. If the incident photon has a sufficient energy, which can cause the excitation of an inner electron and cause the Compton effect.
Exothermic reactions (chemical / nuclear), passage of electric current, collisions by high energy particles, fall of high energy photons etc can cause the atomic electrons get excited and emit light.
An atom has two types of shells
1) Electron shells: - Regions where the electrons are configured in an atom, when the atom is in a lowest energy level.
2)
a) Transitory shells: - Possible
regions which the electrons can jump from their electron shells, when they are
in an excited state.
b) Inner transitory shells - Shells that inside of the inner most electron shell. The space matter density in the inner transitory shells that close to nuclei of heavy atoms are sufficient for the production of electron - positron pair, when energetic gamma rays pass through them (see Pair production). In the case of Bremsstrahlung (braking radiation) that caused by the collision of very high-energy electrons on atoms, inner transitory shells play important role.
*
Each of the electron shells and transitory shells in an atom act as resonant
columns and have their own unique natural frequencies.
* Innermost electron shell has the shortest wavelength frequency and the outermost transitory shell has the longest wavelength frequency that an atom can emit.
* Emission of photons by an atom is caused by the oscillation of its electrons and the frequency of photons will be the frequency of the oscillating electrons.
* There is a 90* angle between the oscillation of electrons and emission of photons.
* An atom (of any element) has enormous number of transitory shells and a few electron shells (hydrogen and helium have one electron shell, lithium to neon have two electron shells, sodium to argon have three electron shells so on).
* When an electron
oscillates in its shell, the high-density space matter in the inner region of
the atom expels the electron to an outer low-density space matter region. I.e.
an electron will jump from an inner shell to an outer shell (or, from an inner
region to an outer region), when the electron is excited and emits a photon
Light emission by atoms
From the Stefan- Boltzmann law, we see that any object with the temperature above absolute zero(0 K) emit radiations. From wien's law, we see that a very cold object with a temperature of only a few kelvins emits primarily microwaves. An object at "room temperature" (about 295K) emits primarily infrared radiation. And an object with a temperature of a few thousand kelvins emits mostly visible light. An object with a temperature of a few million Kelvins emits most of its radiation in the X-ray wave lengths.
We see above that, every shells (electron shells and transitory shells) in an atom have their own unique natural frequencies. The natural frequency of the outermost electron shell of an atom will be in micro wave frequency region and a substance in a very cold temperature (a few Kelvins ) emits microwave. I.e. a few Kelvins of temperature is sufficient for the excitation and oscillation of the outermost electron shell of an atom.
When an electron shell is excited, it will oscillate in its natural frequency and the electron (s) present in that shell. This oscillation of the electron (s) cause, the 'lines' (see What is light) that formed in the north poles of the electrons will also oscillate and the oscillating magnetic lines (omls) will be propagated through space with the velocity of 300000km/s.
Line spectrum of hydrogen atom
The
atom of hydrogen has only one electron and so one 'electron shell'. When this
shell is excited, it will oscillate in its natural frequency, and so the
electron present in the shell. This oscillation of the electron causes the
emission of the shortest wavelength- Lyman series photon
(because, that frequency is the natural frequency of the electron shell of
hydrogen atom) and jumps
from the shell to an outer 'transitory shell'. If
there is no any further excitation for the atom, the electron will
instantaneously falls back to its shell. Also, this fall into the shell can
cause, the shell get excited in a nominal fashion and the emission of a low
intensity photon in the natural frequency of the shell (additionally, this
oscillation of the electron can cause, it to jump to a nearer outer transitory
shell. If an energetic electron from an external source simultaneously excites
this transitory shell, the electron will emit a Lyman series photon in a long
wavelength).
But, if
the transitory shell (which the electron has initially jumped) is simultaneously
excited by some ways (for example, collision of an energetic electron from an
external source --in a discharge tube-or collision between atoms), the electron
in the transitory shell will be again get excited and emit a photon with a
longer wavelength, in the natural frequency of that transitory shell. Also, this
excitation of the electron will cause a further jumping to a more outer
transitory shell, and these processes can be continued until the electron is
expelled out from the atom and to turn the atom into plasma of hydrogen at a
very high temperature.
For every jumping of the electron to a more and more outer transitory shells, and the excitation of that transitory shells can cause the emission of more and more long wavelength photons, and this is the reason for the emission of more long wavelength photons like Balmer series, Paschen series, Brackett series, Pfund series etc.
Electric field will be created in the below stated circumstances.
a) A charged particle (negative/positive) can create an electric field around
that particle.
b) An oscillating magnetic field can create an oscillating electric field within a conductor.
*Electric
field lines hold nucleus and electrons in an atom together; atoms in a molecule
are together.
*An unbalanced and opposite charges within a conductor or between two conductors cause the flow of charges through that conductor (s).
A charged particle (positive/negative) has magnetic property and act as a small magnet. When charged particles are aligned in a single mode in a material, a magnetic field will be created around that material. For example, when electrons are flowing through a conductor, all electrons will be aligned in a single way. This alignment of flowing electrons create a magnetic field around that conductor (flowing electrons cause them to aligned, otherwise, there is no any direct connection between motion of electrons and magnetic field). In a permanent magnet, outer electrons of the atoms of domains are aligned in a single way and all domains are also aligned in a single way. This alignment creates a magnetic field around a permanent magnet. In the case of an iron core inside of a solenoid, the influence of the magnetic field that created by the flowing electrons in the conductor, the outer electrons of the atoms of the iron core will be aligned in a single way and cause to create a magnetic field around the core.
Bending of magnetic lines: Mutual repulsion between the magnetic lines cause to bend them.
Charged particle
*
Electron is a particle with having 'north pole dominated' magnetic property
(electron's magnetic line starts from its north pole and ends at south pole).
* Proton is a particle with having 'south pole dominated' magnetic property.
* Negative charged particles (electron, antiproton etc) have north pole dominated magnetic polarity and positive charged particles (proton, positron etc) have south pole dominated magnetic polarity.
Flow of electrons through a conductor
We see above that, when electrons are flowing through a conductor, all electrons will be aligned in a single way and that alignment creates a magnetic field around that conductor. A low voltage- high current makes a short range, concentrated magnetic field. But, a high voltage- low current electron flow makes a long range (wide spreading), diluted magnetic field.
In a high voltage -low current electron flow through a conductor, there are two factors that affect the resultant magnetic field.
a) The drift velocity increases with the increasing of the voltage. b) As the current decreases, the number of magnetic field lines are created by the electrons will be less.
These two factors cause, the mutual repulsion between the magnetic lines to decrease because of the 'field density' at any point of the conductor is less, and which causes the magnetic field lines to spread at a wide range.
Oscillating magnetic field created by a radio wave transmitter
We can see that, the transmission range of a transmitter circuit sharply jumps when we deliver the signal to the circuit in the tuned frequency with an increased voltage.
The tuned frequency with the increased voltage influences the transmission range in two ways.
1) The circuit creates oscillating magnetic field lines with the minimum mutual repulsion between them because of the field density is minimum at any point (at resonance, voltage will be maximum and current will be minimum in the tuned circuit). In the minimum mutual repulsion, the magnetic field lines will be comparatively straighter and spread wide range.
2) Since the increased drift velocities at higher voltages, when the electrons oscillate, high amplitude oscillating magnetic field lines are created.
(Since the amplitudes of photons that emitted by atoms are almost the same for all frequencies, we consider only the photon’s frequency when we calculate its energy. But, the radio waves can be generated with different levels of amplitudes, they should be also considered along with the frequency, when we are calculating the energy of a radio wave photon).
Induction in the receiver antenna
We see above that, an oscillating magnetic field creates an oscillating electric field in a conductor. When the oscillating magnetic lines fall on the receiver antenna, a tiny oscillating electricity is created in the antenna and a tuned receiver circuit can pick up the signal.
Why radio waves bend and light is not?
We see above that, the mutual repulsion between the magnetic lines each other is the cause for the bending of them. Since the oscillating magnetic lines with the frequency of radio waves have much longer wavelengths, the nearer omls repulse each other and bends. As the frequency increases (for example, microwaves) the omls repulse each other much fewer than the former and travel more straighter. As the frequency increases to light, the repulsion between two oml photons become again much fewer. (this is an another evidence for the oml theory of light. See also What is light).
Releasing
of energy in a chemical reaction
We see above that the radius of an atom is greater than the radius of its outermost electron shell. Because of this, when atoms are bonded together in a molecular formation, the reactant atoms will overlap each other. This overlapping causes, when atoms are bonded, the overlapped volume of space matter will be released. Since the space matter is in a compressed state in atoms, when they are released, they will be expanded and exploded. Since this explosions are take place where the regions that the atoms are bonded, the product molecules act as projectiles with great kinetic energy and collide with the surrounding atoms and molecules and causes the increasing of temperature.